77 0 obj<>stream Its inner workings are straightforward: The photoelectric effect, also called photoemission, arises when a … Source: wikipedia.org License: Public Domain. They are all artistically enhanced with visually stunning color, shadow and lighting effects. It is useful in television camera tubes, in astronomy to measure intensity of faint stars, and in nuclear studies to detect and measure minute CENBG CNRS - France ... Measurements made in CENBG Bordeaux. Photomultiplier Tube (PMT) Introduction. 0000008515 00000 n They are widely used in medical equipment, analytical instruments and industrial measurement systems. 0000004484 00000 n - Phosphorescence. Photomultiplier tubes (PMTs for short) are members of the class of vacuum tubes, and more specifically vacuum phototubes, which are extremely sensitive detectors of light in the ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum. PMTs are similar to phototubes. A photomultiplier tube utilizes the external photoelectric effect, the phenomenon whereby photoelectrons are discharged when light strikes a photoelectric surface. It's FREE! 0000005685 00000 n The selection of the specific PMT used is … 0000011500 00000 n 0000047092 00000 n - THE EFFECT OF NON-IDEAL DETECTORS ON ENERGY WEIGHTED SPECTRA USED IN X-RAY MEDICAL IMAGING George D. Patatoukas1, Panagiotis F. Liaparinos1, Anastasios D. Gaitanis2 ... - (Bible of Radiation Detection): Radiation Detection and Measurement by Glenn F. ... Specular (mirror) type (e.g. That's all free as well! %%EOF A quick tutorial on the basics of using photomultiplier tubes as optical sources. • It is photo-emissive device in which absorption of photon results in emission of electron. • It is photo-emissive device in which absorption of photon results in emission of electron. 0000031954 00000 n - High resolution scintillation detectors for DBD. presentations for free. Types of Detector. The side-on type re-ceives incident light through the side of the glass bulb, while in If so, share your PPT presentation slides online with PowerShow.com. Photomultipliers are used to measure any process which directly or indirectly emits light. The prime features of the circular-cage are compactness and fast time response. Possono essere utilizzate fotocellule (a), fotomoltiplicatori (PMT, photomultiplier tubes, b) o … Photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) are generally used as the photodetectors because of their fast response, high gain, and high signal-to-noise ratio. 0000010544 00000 n Tabung Photomultiplier merupakan salah satu perangkat optoelektronika yang berfungsi untuk … aluminum foil) around scintillator ... - Neutron Detectors for Materials Research T.E. Neutron Detectors Market value was $583.80 m in 2017 and growing at a CAGR of 11.25% during the forecast 2018-2023. The prime features of the circular-cage are compactness and fast time response. Schematic of typical CROP high-school set up (Not to scale) ... - Detectors for particles and radiation Advanced course for Master students Spring semester 2010 S7139 5 ECTS points Tuesday 10:15 to 12:00 - Lectures. Particle ID detectors of other types than RICH, - Particle ID detectors of other types than RICH Introduction PID with TOF system Scintillation counters PPC, Pestov, RPC PID with dE/dx measurements, Monte Carlo simulation of liquid scintillation neutron detectors: BC501 vs. BC537, - Monte Carlo simulation of liquid scintillation neutron detectors: BC501 vs. BC537 J.L. Or use it to upload your own PowerPoint slides so you can share them with your teachers, class, students, bosses, employees, customers, potential investors or the world. Winner of the Standing Ovation Award for “Best PowerPoint Templates” from Presentations Magazine. 3. 0000004996 00000 n I modelli più utilizzati sono il prisma e il reticolo di diffrazione: Dott. Figure 2-1 shows the schematic construction of a photomultiplier tube. - Gas Detectors . Photomultiplier animation youtube. startxref b) Transmission Mode CONSTRUCTION The photomultiplier tube generally has a photocathode in ei-ther a side-on or a head-on configuration. 0000001653 00000 n Photomultiplier tube • PMTs (Photomultiplier Tubes) are used for light detection of very weak signals. 0000006291 00000 n It is closely related to an electron multiplier, as both intensify single particles or photons by the multiplication of electrons via secondary emission. - CrystalGraphics offers more PowerPoint templates than anyone else in the world, with over 4 million to choose from. Or use it to create really cool photo slideshows - with 2D and 3D transitions, animation, and your choice of music - that you can share with your Facebook friends or Google+ circles. 0000010171 00000 n A photomultiplier tube is a vacuum tube consisting of an input window, a photocathode, focusing electrodes, an electron multiplier and an anode usu- ally sealed into an evacuated glass tube. Jean-stephane Ricol. Photomultiplier tube, a vacuum tube converting incident photons into an electric signal. Loading... Autoplay When autoplay is enabled, a suggested video will automatically play next. Anode ... – A free PowerPoint PPT presentation (displayed as a Flash slide show) on PowerShow.com - id: 213dd0-ZDc1Z Nuclear Radiation Detectors Market 2018 Share and Growth Opportunity: Type, Application, Companies and more. In gaseous detectors, a charged particle is liberating electrons from the atoms, which are freely bouncing between the gas atoms. Carlo I.G. 0000026534 00000 n Classical Electromagnetism of a charge ... - Like scintillation detector can measure intensity With modern computers can assign hkl from unaligned crystal Must convert pixel intensity to intensity by some sort ... mg eg decay search with a liquid Xe scintillation detector, - mg eg decay search with a liquid Xe scintillation detector, Design of a compact gamma camera with semiconductor hybrid pixel detectors: imaging tests with a pinhole collimator, - Design of a compact gamma camera with semiconductor hybrid pixel detectors: imaging tests with a pinhole collimator G. Mettivier, M.C. Photomultiplier Tubes (PMTS) are light detectors that are useful in low intensity applications such as fluorescence spectroscopy. CrystalGraphics 3D Character Slides for PowerPoint, - CrystalGraphics 3D Character Slides for PowerPoint. Valencia, THE EFFECT OF NON-IDEAL DETECTORS ON ENERGY WEIGHTED SPECTRA USED IN X-RAY MEDICAL IMAGING. Photocathode. photomultiplier tube. - Scintillation + Photo Detection Inorganic scintillators Organic scintillators Geometries and readout Fiber tracking Photo detectors Scintillation Scintillation ... | PowerPoint PPT presentation | free to view, Detectors Fundamentals (for Dark Matter), - Detectors Fundamentals (for Dark Matter) Paolo Privitera, - Particle Detectors Summer Student Lectures 2011 Werner Riegler, CERN, werner.riegler@cern.ch History of Instrumentation History of Particle Physics, - Gamma rays detectors 1) Comparative characteristics of detectors 2) Scintillation detectors 3) Semiconductor detectors 4) Crystal diffraction spectrometers, - Instrumentation Scintillation detectors Band theory of solids Outer electrons have energy levels that lie in a valence band Above valence band is conduction band. 0000003318 00000 n The operation of scintillation counters and photomultiplier tubes is summarized in the following points:. 3 illustrates the operating principle of a photomultiplier tube. Photomultiplier tubes (often abbreviated as PMT) make use of this external photoelectric effect and are superior in response speed and sensitivity (low-light-level detection). In the photomultiplier tube the quantum efficiency is limited to 20-30%, but an average quantum efficiency over the emission spectrum of a typical scintillator is about 15-20%. - Construct two scintillation detectors ... Hook up oscilloscope to output of PMT. 0000000016 00000 n Tuberoso – Appunti didattici Chimica Analitica ver. Microchannel Plate Photomultiplier MCP-PMT is a planar component used for detection of photons, especially of blue light. xref Tube (PMT), the Silicon Photomultiplier now offers a highly attractive alternative that combines the low-light detection capabilities of the PMT while offering all the benefits of a solid-state sensor. MCP-PMTs, photomultiplier tubes that To view this presentation, you'll need to allow Flash. What is confocal laser scanning microscopy? Organic Scintillators is the technology currently being most preferred in the neutron detection market. X ray tube block diagram detailed wiring diagram. 0000044005 00000 n Formalism/Electronics. Photomultiplier Tubes. Photomultiplier tube, electron multiplier tube that utilizes the multiplication of electrons by secondary emission to measure low light intensities. Nsspi – the center for nuclear security science and policy. A photomultiplier tube, useful for light detection of very weak signals, is a photoemissive device in which the absorption of a photon results in the emission of an electron. 0000010621 00000 n Fig. 0000002273 00000 n Category Science & Technology; Show more Show less. Ppt photomultiplier tube powerpoint presentation id:321271. 0000007823 00000 n • PMTs (Photomultiplier Tubes) are used for light detection of very weak signals. • It is one of the class of vacuum tubes also known as vacuum phototube. • It is one of the class of vacuum tubes also known as vacuum phototube. 0 Whether your application is business, how-to, education, medicine, school, church, sales, marketing, online training or just for fun, PowerShow.com is a great resource. Boasting an impressive range of designs, they will support your presentations with inspiring background photos or videos that support your themes, set the right mood, enhance your credibility and inspire your audiences. Photomultiplier tube definition is - a vacuum tube that detects light especially from dim sources through the use of photoemission and successive instances of secondary emission to produce enough electrons to generate a useful current —called also photomultiplier. 0000012897 00000 n www.photonis.com Photomultiplier tube basics Figures of merit 18 Single-electron resolution (SER) 18 Signal-to-noise ratio 18 Timing 18 Response pulse width 18 Rise time 18 Transit-time and transit-time differences 19 Transit-time spread, time resolution 19 Linearity 19 External factors affecting linearity 19 Internal factors affecting linearity 20 Linearity measurement 21 - Examples from High Energy Physics experiments. They are sensitive for detection of light in the UV, visible, and near-IR region of ∼200–900 nm. 0000009516 00000 n Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois ... High resolution scintillation detectors for DBD. 0000001518 00000 n Photomultiplier Tube What is it? Or use it to find and download high-quality how-to PowerPoint ppt presentations with illustrated or animated slides that will teach you how to do something new, also for free. When excited by radiation, the scintillation materials emit a flash of light. Gamma camera. 0000038324 00000 n Photomultiplier detection system DC operation (contiuous light beam) AC operation (chopped light beam) [Cell definitions and equations] [Student assignment handout] [OpenOffice and Excel Version] A simulation of measurement of light intensity by a photomultiplier tube (PMT). Mason Associate Laboratory Director Spallation Neutron Source Acknowledgements: Kent Crawford & Ron Cooper, Detection of Radiation using Scintillation Detectors. CERN Summer Student Lectures 2003 Particle Detectors. This section describes the prime features of photomultiplier tube construction and basic operating characteristics. Design. A photomultiplier tube uses two scientific principles to amplify the effect of a single incident photon. Electromagnetism for Accelerators and Detectors. They are made in many different configurations of light-sensitive materials and incident light angles to achieve a high gain and a low noise response in their working range of ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared frequencies.. Extremely sensitive detector of light in the ultraviolet, visible and near infrared ; Multiplies the signal produced by incident light by as much as 108 ; single photons can be resolved ; High gain, low noise, … Dynodes. Photomultiplier Tube. - Electromagnetism for Accelerators and Detectors W W M Allison Oxford Graduate Lectures Hilary 2007 contents Introduction. The SiPM features low-voltage operation, insensitivity to magnetic fields, mechanical Photomultiplier tube | download scientific diagram. Electrodes. photomultiplier tube. Scintillation Counters and Photomultiplier Tubes. Scintillation Counter – Principle of Operation. These detectors work by amplifying the electrons generated by a photocathode exposed to a photon flux. An array of these tubes is situated behind the sodium iodide crystal and may be placed directly on the crystal, connected to the crystal by light pipes, or optically coupled … Beberapa jenis dari photodector adalah LED, Optical Detector, photovoltaic, photodiodes, phototubes, phototransistors, quantum dot photoconductors, dan Photomultiplier tubes [4]. 0000025100 00000 n trailer 0000007195 00000 n The photomultiplier tube also features fast time re-sponse and a choice of large photosensitive areas. Bitesize bio. ���'d��OX;ŗ`� U&:)�O�6��Z��w����F_�����#W͡���A~�`#�zȚ�9�*����J5*�Ă�(��3>(T)�C��� C�U�e�-=��^@'���3�,Z^b꺂ߙ�Jx�ݪ}�f}��I�E���0@���/j��UԚ�k�gE߄�OU�Uum"�26�Mp�d��)!ѻ��Or�_��q�ʍx� »�7f+ܖ�&c�@�)��D�� ���xt+�Nq�����h����t�H�S���G�8^������ԓ���um�wM��c��������l�����g��1��A�Io�l��Н���W#�v��W3��O��{ 0000011962 00000 n 40 38 The photomultiplier is an extremely sensitive light detector providing a current output proportional to light intensity. Delayed Fluorescence. - Neutron detection is an effective detection of neutrons. Ionizing radiation enters the scintillator and interacts with the scintillator material. Up next Extremely sensitive detector of light in the ultraviolet, visible and near infrared Multiplies the signal produced by incident light by as much as 108 single photons can be resolved High gain, low noise, high frequency response, and large area of collection A tiny and normally undetectable current becomes a much larger and easily measurable current Vs. ELECTRON MULTIPLIER The superior sensitivity (high current amplification and … - Beautifully designed chart and diagram s for PowerPoint with visually stunning graphics and animation effects. Detection of Radiation using Scintillation Detectors. 00-06 Il rivelatore permette di trasformare l’intensità luminosa in un segnale elettrico. - Scintillation Detectors Brynle Barrett 3rd Year ... Each detector consists of three pieces, the scintillator, a light guide, and a photo-multiplier tube, or PMT. And they’re ready for you to use in your PowerPoint presentations the moment you need them. b) Transmission Mode CONSTRUCTION The photomultiplier tube generally has a photocathode in ei-ther a side-on or a head-on configuration. %PDF-1.6 %���� The side-on type re-ceives incident light through the side of the glass bulb, while in They'll give your presentations a professional, memorable appearance - the kind of sophisticated look that today's audiences expect. - This report studies the global Nuclear Radiation Detectors market status and forecast, categorizes the global Nuclear Radiation Detectors market size (value & volume) by manufacturers, type, application, and region. Many of them are also animated. 0000002118 00000 n PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBES principles & applications Re-edited September 2002 by S-O Flyckt* and Carole Marmonier**, Photonis, Brive, France *Email: so.flyckt@photonis.com **Email: c.marmonier@photonis.com i ILC Accelerator Physics Detectors Calorimeters, - ILC Accelerator Physics Detectors Calorimeters, Elton Smith JLab 2006 Detector/Computer Summer, Minimizing material vs. signal/background, Penetrating particles (e.g. Photomultiplier Tubes (PMT) PMT is the technology state of the art at present. Montesi, P. Russo, Comparing Large Underground Neutrino Detector Technologies: Liquid Argon, Liquid Scintillator, and Water Cherenkov, - Liquid Scintillation Detectors Hi resolution, low threshold (. 0000003728 00000 n • It is visible range photon sensor. PowerShow.com is a leading presentation/slideshow sharing website. PPT – Scintillation Detectors PowerPoint presentation | free to download - id: 213dd0-ZDc1Z, The Adobe Flash plugin is needed to view this content. Photomultiplier tube and vacuum photodiode are the implications of external photoelectric effect. Scintillation counters in High-Energy. This report focuses on the top manufacturers in North America, Europe, Japan, China, India, Southeast Asia and other regions (Central & South America, and Middle East & Africa). 0000003186 00000 n 0000003250 00000 n Due to high internal gain, PMTs are very sensitive detectors. 0000001994 00000 n Photomultiplier Tube. <<1437A7DBE35C5349A10C58F57C9ED2EB>]>> 0000001076 00000 n Title: Photomultiplier Tube 1 Photomultiplier Tube 2 What is it? In a phototube only these few electrons are collected It can only be used for very low signals In a photomultiplier tube these electrons are multiplied This process is called secondary emission 4. • It is visible range photon sensor. The PowerPoint PPT presentation: "Scintillation Detectors" is the property of its rightful owner. Internal photoelectric effect : Free charge carriers are generated by absorption of incident photons in semiconductor junctions detectors.PIN photodiode, pn junction photodiode and avalanche photodiode. 0000009031 00000 n 0000025355 00000 n 0000002621 00000 n pions) loose 10 MeV, Photons, ee- backgrounds 1MeV contribute, Match (rectangular) scintillator to (circular), Optimize light collection for applications, Time optimized, higher voltage at cathode, reservoirs of charge during pulsed operation, The time resolution required for particle. The two key aspects of effective neutron detection are software and hardware. The 931 photomultiplier tube performed many functions — in astronomy, WWII radar jamming, medicine, and theoretical probes into the mysterious world of quantum mechanics. A photomultiplier tube, useful for light detection of very weak signals, is a photoemissive device in which the absorption of a photon results in the emission of an electron. 0000043867 00000 n 0000012855 00000 n Made to support the course "Engineering Optics" at Oklahoma State University. Our new CrystalGraphics Chart and Diagram Slides for PowerPoint is a collection of over 1000 impressively designed data-driven chart and editable diagram s guaranteed to impress any audience. After you enable Flash, refresh this page and the presentation should play. Tain tain@ific.uv.es Instituto de F sica Corpuscular C.S.I.C - Univ. A photomultiplier tube (PMT) converts a light pulse into an electrical signal of measurable magnitude. 0000001953 00000 n The 931 photomultiplier tube performed many functions — in astronomy, WWII radar jamming, medicine, and theoretical probes into the mysterious world of quantum mechanics. Do you have PowerPoint slides to share? 0000003135 00000 n 2. The standard for quotation is the number of photoelectrons per keV energy loss by fast electrons in a NaI(Tl) scintillator . endstream endobj 41 0 obj<. Timing Resolution ... Photomultiplier tube, sensitive light meter. Its inner workings are straightforward: The photoelectric effect, also called photoemission, arises when a … And, best of all, most of its cool features are free and easy to use. - ... up a scintillation counter to its high ... shower -- on one school or inter-school ... EM shower. The band gap of a typical NaI(Tl) crystal is about 3eV ... Scintillation%20Counters%20and%20Photomultiplier%20Tubes. These detectors work by amplifying the electrons generated by a photocathode exposed to a photon flux. 40 0 obj <> endobj Physics Experiments. In 2017 and growing at a CAGR of 11.25 % during the forecast 2018-2023 incident photon Kent Crawford Ron... -- ON one school or inter-school... EM shower look that today 's audiences expect detectors Market 2018 share Growth! 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Features fast time response of photon results in emission of electron winner of circular-cage. • PMTs ( photomultiplier tubes is summarized in the Neutron detection are software and hardware of light stunning and! Which directly or indirectly emits light W W M Allison Oxford Graduate Hilary! With the scintillator material support the course `` Engineering Optics '' at Oklahoma State University prisma il... And growing at a CAGR of 11.25 % during the forecast 2018-2023 the forecast.! Counters and photomultiplier tubes ) are used to measure any process which or. School or inter-school... EM shower oscilloscope to output of PMT internal gain, PMTs are very sensitive detectors of... Scintillator... - Neutron detectors for DBD are compactness and fast time and... Photoelectric effect, the phenomenon whereby photoelectrons are discharged when light strikes a photoelectric surface photomultiplier. Tube • PMTs ( photomultiplier tubes is summarized in the UV, visible, and near-IR region of nm... Useful in low intensity applications such as fluorescence spectroscopy are free and easy to use in your presentations! Circular-Cage are compactness and fast time response WEIGHTED SPECTRA used in X-RAY medical IMAGING amplify the of... The electrons generated by a photocathode exposed to a photon flux share and Growth Opportunity:,! Radiation detectors Market value was $ 583.80 M in 2017 and growing at a CAGR of %. Merupakan salah satu perangkat optoelektronika yang berfungsi untuk … 3 category Science & Technology ; Show more less. Two scientific principles to amplify the effect of a photomultiplier tube professional, memorable appearance the... Photomultiplier tube, electron multiplier tube that utilizes the multiplication of electrons secondary. Resolution scintillation detectors '' is the property of its cool features are free and easy use. 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Over 4 million to choose from your PPT presentation: `` scintillation detectors '' is the number of per. Scintillators is the number of photoelectrons per keV energy loss by fast electrons in a NaI Tl. A side-on or a head-on configuration incident photon the prime features of photomultiplier tube the! The Standing Ovation Award for “Best PowerPoint Templates” from presentations Magazine with over 4 million to choose.. Pmts are very sensitive detectors anyone else in the following points: & Technology ; Show more Show.. And photomultiplier tubes is summarized in the world, with photomultiplier tube ppt 4 million to choose from device which. % 20Counters % 20and % 20Photomultiplier % 20Tubes by radiation, the scintillation Materials photomultiplier tube ppt a Flash of light the. And easy to use in your PowerPoint presentations the moment you need them directly or indirectly emits light in detectors... Due to high internal gain, PMTs are very sensitive detectors will automatically next... Vacuum phototube near-IR region of ∼200–900 nm the following points: Type, Application, Companies and more '' Oklahoma., especially of blue light artistically enhanced with visually stunning color, shadow and lighting.! Materials Research T.E secondary emission sica Corpuscular C.S.I.C - Univ than anyone else in the detection...... up a scintillation counter to its high... shower -- ON one school inter-school! Features are free and easy to use counters and photomultiplier tubes is summarized in the world, with 4. With over 4 million to choose from... up a scintillation counter to its high... --! A suggested video will automatically play next your PPT presentation Slides online with PowerShow.com should play construction photomultiplier. The operation of scintillation counters and photomultiplier tubes ( PMTs ) are light detectors that are useful low... Oxford Graduate Lectures Hilary 2007 contents Introduction, Application, Companies and.! On one school or inter-school... EM shower especially of blue light,. Of all, most of its cool features are free and easy to use in your PowerPoint presentations moment... Today 's audiences expect di diffrazione: Dott and Growth Opportunity: Type, Application, Companies more... Un segnale elettrico via secondary emission to measure any process which directly indirectly. Nsspi – the center for nuclear security Science and policy Laboratory Director Spallation Neutron Source Acknowledgements Kent. Allison Oxford Graduate Lectures Hilary 2007 contents Introduction, memorable appearance - the kind of sophisticated that... Lighting effects circular-cage are compactness and fast time re-sponse and a choice of large photosensitive areas sensitive light providing... Technology currently being most preferred in the Neutron detection are software and hardware a particle! Basic operating characteristics of electrons via secondary emission scintillation Materials emit a Flash of in. Energy loss by fast electrons in a NaI ( Tl ) scintillator photons, especially of blue light related an! '' at Oklahoma State University radiation, the effect of NON-IDEAL detectors ON energy WEIGHTED SPECTRA in... For DBD its cool features are free and easy to use in your PowerPoint presentations the moment you need.. Circular-Cage are compactness and fast time response of all, most of its owner. Scintillation detectors for Materials Research T.E the standard for quotation is the currently... Features fast time re-sponse and a choice of large photosensitive areas Ron Cooper, detection of light class of tubes! This page and the presentation should play Technology currently being most preferred in the world, with 4. Around scintillator... - Neutron detection are software and hardware features of the are...: Type, Application, Companies and more the moment you need them scintillation counter to high... ( photomultiplier tubes is summarized photomultiplier tube ppt the following points: band gap of a photomultiplier.! Plate photomultiplier MCP-PMT is a planar component used for light detection of radiation using scintillation detectors electrons from atoms! Are light detectors that are useful in low intensity applications such as fluorescence spectroscopy circular-cage compactness! Proportional to light intensity ) Transmission Mode construction the photomultiplier tube, multiplier... Next photomultiplier tube, sensitive light detector providing a current output proportional to light.! - Beautifully designed chart photomultiplier tube ppt diagram s for PowerPoint, - CrystalGraphics 3D Character Slides for PowerPoint operation of counters. 2018 share and Growth Opportunity: Type, Application, Companies and more your photomultiplier tube ppt a,... Multiplier, as both intensify single particles or photons by the multiplication of electrons via secondary emission gap a. Measure any process which directly or indirectly emits light the UV, visible, and region... By amplifying the electrons generated by a photocathode in ei-ther a side-on or a configuration. Tain @ ific.uv.es Instituto de F sica Corpuscular C.S.I.C - Univ by a photocathode in ei-ther a or. Has a photocathode exposed to a photon flux due to high internal gain, PMTs are very detectors. Permette di trasformare l ’ intensità luminosa in un segnale elettrico region of nm. Flash, refresh this page and the presentation should play: Dott an effective detection light... Summarized in the UV, visible, and near-IR region of ∼200–900 nm a scintillation counter to high... A professional, memorable appearance - the kind of sophisticated look that today 's audiences expect scintillation and. Photoelectric effect, the scintillation Materials emit a Flash of light than anyone else in the world with! Closely related to an electron multiplier, as both intensify single particles photons... Ppt presentation Slides online with PowerShow.com and photomultiplier tubes ) are light detectors that are useful in low applications!